Steel R18

P18 steel is a high-speed tool steel that is widely used in the production of cutting tools. This steel has a high tungsten content (about 18%), which provides it with excellent hardness and wear resistance. In addition, it contains carbon (0.7-0.8%), which contributes to the formation of high hardness, as well as chromium (4%) to increase corrosion resistance.

P18 steel is used to make high-quality drills, milling cutters, cutters, countersinks and other tools that require high precision and the ability to work with hard materials. This steel retains its cutting properties at high temperatures, which is important for high-speed cutting tools.

This steel is known for its high performance and durability, making it a popular choice for metalworking tools. It also has good heat treatability, allowing for optimal performance.

Chemical composition of steel R18 (according to GOST 19265-73)

Vulcanized fiber

Vulcanized fiber is a composite material made of cellulose (cotton and cellulose fibers). The name is borrowed from the process of vulcanizing natural rubber to produce ebonite, which at first glance is very similar to the process of producing vulcanized fiber. In the production of vulcanized fiber, ribbons of cotton and/or cellulose fibers are passed through a parchmentizing bath with a solution of zinc chloride or sulfuric acid, as a result of which the fibers are slightly dissolved. The liquid is then squeezed out, as a result of which the individual fibers and ribbons are connected to each other without any binders.

Due to its high strength and stability, combined with its low weight and good elasticity, vulcanized fiber is used today not only for stamped parts, gaskets, laminate substrates and other industrial products, but also as a base for grinding wheels, so-called vulcanized disc grinding wheels or even short fiber wheels. For this, bases with a thickness of between 0.38 and 0.84 mm are usually used.

Vulcanized fiber can withstand high temperatures of up to 110° C for a long time. Therefore, when working with fiber wheels, high pressure and grinding in place should be avoided, as this can lead to blistering and burning of the wheel, i.e. tearing out the grain.
The cellulose that forms the basis of vulcanized fiber is hygroscopic, i.e. it can absorb moisture from the environment and give it away, as a result of which the volume of the fibers changes. In fiber wheels that are exposed to too high or too low air humidity, this effect leads to curling of the wheels. It is therefore recommended to store the wheels at medium air humidity (relative air humidity approx. 45-65%).

Vulcanized fiber is used by Klingspor as the basis for fiber discs. Here, Klingspor offers a wide range of products for various applications.

Before the advent of this technology, mammoth teeth and bones were rarely used for making souvenirs, because they did not have sufficient strength due to the large number of cracks and delaminations inside. In addition, tooth enamel has high hardness, which quickly leads to the unusability of the saw when processed. A stabilized product is much easier to further process. Mammoth tooth has become especially popular in the manufacture of knife handles. It looks unusual, attractive, and if you add dye, you can create a unique pattern that can give even such a rare thing a special individuality.

HANDLE MATERIAL - MAMMOTH TUSK

Mammoth tusk is a rare raw material used to make decorative items, such as knife handles, gun grips, and jewelry. It is a unique natural element that is rarely found, so its value is quite high.

Today, mammoth tooth, after certain processing (stabilization), is widely used by master knifemakers. Stabilization is the process of polymerizing the material under vacuum with or without the use of fat-soluble dyes, while the material is impregnated with polymeric substances throughout.

MAMMOTH TOOTH HANDLE MATERIAL

Mammoth tooth is a manufactured material of animal origin. Its exceptional feature is the fact that its source is extinct animals - mammoths. Paleontologists have established that they lived on Earth about 10 thousand years ago, and their number was very large. The teeth of mammoths were not permanent and changed about four times during their lives. The fallen teeth, which modern scientists find during excavations, become the basis for decorative elements, including knife handles.

Due to the long stay in the soil, the material acquired a very unstable structure - the enamel became rock hard, and the dentin, on the contrary, became loose. But modern technologies for stabilizing materials have helped turn mammoth teeth into an excellent basis for creating luxurious knife handles. The polymer composite provides the products with resistance to corrosion and moisture, and the natural base gives a unique texture and intricate pattern.

Material features

Mammoth molars are used to create various products. Outwardly, they resemble elephant teeth, but they have a much different shade. Given the historical value and rarity, mammoth tusk is especially highly valued, since this animal became extinct long before our era. Tusks of prehistoric giants can be found not only in paleontological museums, but also on the shelves of jewelry stores, they are used to decorate the interior, used to create various decorative elements - of course, not in their original form, but in processed form. The

age of the material, according to scientists, is 10-40 thousand years. How mammoths lived has not been fully studied today. However, the remains of these giants found by scientists, their bones, teeth, even whole carcasses have allowed scientists to make serious progress in this field of research. The available data made it possible to find out what the mammals looked like, what they ate, what climatic conditions they lived in, what behavioral characteristics they had (for example, whether they led a herd or solitary existence).

The mammoth ate practically the same as a modern elephant: its diet consisted of plant food. In the world, the animal could feed on coniferous plants. They preferred rough food, which they easily chewed with their strong jaws and teeth, similar to large plates. An interesting feature of the mammoth's body was that as the old tooth wore out, a new one grew, displacing the old one and taking its place. Thus, the animal could change its teeth several times during its life. Absolutely all teeth changed in about a ten-year period, and the average life span of a mammoth was 40 years. In other words, one animal could survive an average of four complete changes of molars. It is because of this feature that people often find individual worn mammoth teeth but do not encounter other traces of it.

Appearance

If you look at a mammoth tooth, you can see a heterogeneous surface with ribbed edges. Bone, enamel and soft tissue in this case alternate. The material has a rather complex structure:

Its basis is dentin.

The dentin layer is covered with protective enamel.

It is worth noting that the mammoth had only 4 molars and 2 tusks, which protruded outward and served mainly for self-defense.

After special processing, the molar can be used to make various jewelry products. The density of the material is very high and resembles stone. In order to process such a product, the master needs to spend a lot of effort and time.

Raw material stabilization

To prevent the tooth and tusk from collapsing during use and manufacturing of products from it, stabilization technology is used. This is a crucial stage of processing, in which the following technologies are used:

Polycondensation.
Vacuum processing.
Application of special dyes.

All cavities of the tooth are filled with a polymer substance, due to which the base acquires reliable protection from climatic influences. Such a product does not deform, cracks do not appear on it, it becomes able to withstand high temperatures. The appearance of the material also changes, becomes more attractive and unique.